Control of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, particularly hypertension, is still unsatisfactory, resulting in excess CV morbidity and mortality worldwide. CV risk is linearly associated with an increase in blood pressure (BP) values, and clinical studies have clearly demonstrated that BP lowering represents the most effective means of preventing CV events. However, while BP reduction is […]

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death among women in the Western world, and its prevalence is growing. Women with chest pain and abnormal stress tests are less likely than men to have critical stenosis of coronary arteries, a phenomenon attributed to endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension, intimal injury, and cholesterol are among the […]

Global mortality rates from COPD are projected to increase by 30% over the next decade, and by 2030, COPD will be the third leading cause of death, Primary care clinicians often are the first providers to see a patient with COPD and may be the only clinicians to treat those patients. Accurate diagnosis, particularly differentiation […]

The use of calcium supplements without co-administered vitamin D is associated with an increased risk of MI Most guidelines for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis recommend the use of calcium supplements, despite the fact that they reduce the risk of fracture only marginally Studies have yielded conflicting results about their use, with some observational […]